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| Economy - overview | Since independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country, accentuated by the recent implementation of restrictive economic policies. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Like the economies of many African nations, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture, with 80% of the population involved in farming and herding. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in 1998-2000 severely hurt Eritrea's economy. GDP growth fell to zero in 1999 and to -12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into northern Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and loss, including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000 homes. The attack prevented planting of crops in Eritrea's most productive region, causing food production to drop by 62%. Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure, asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges. Since the war ended, the government has maintained a firm grip on the economy, expanding the use of the military and party-owned businesses to complete Eritrea's development agenda. In January 2005, the government essentially banned all imports. The government strictly controls the use of foreign currency, limiting access and availability. Few private enterprises remain in Eritrea. Eritrea's economy is heavily dependent on taxes paid by members of the diaspora. Erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization of agriculturalists from the military continue to interfere with agricultural production, and Eritrea's recent harvests have not been able to meet the food needs of the country. Eritrea's economic future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and more importantly, on the government's willingness to support a true market economy. | | | GDP | 6.3% (2006 est.) | | | GDP - real growth rate | 2% (2005 est.) | | | GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 9.9%
industry: 25.4%
services: 64.6% (2006 est.) | | | Population below poverty line | 50% (2004 est.) | | Household income or consumption
by percentage share | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% | | | Labor force | NA | | | Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 80%
industry and services: 20% | | | Unemployment rate | NA% | | | Budget | revenues: $257.6 million
expenditures: $424 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) | | | Industries | food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement | | | Industrial production growth rate | NA% | | Electricity -
production | 276.1 million kWh (2004) | | Electricity -
production by source | fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) | | Electricity -
consumption | 256.7 million kWh (2004) | | Electricity -
exports | 0 kWh (2004) | | Electricity -
imports | 0 kWh (2004) | | | Oil - production | 0 bbl/day (2004 est.) | | | Oil - consumption | 5,300 bbl/day (2004 est.) | | | Oil - exports | NA bbl/day | | | Oil - imports | NA bbl/day | | | Agriculture - products | sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, sisal; livestock, goats; fish | | | Exports | $17.65 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) | | | Exports - commodities | livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000) | | | Exports - partners | Italy 31.4%, US 11.9%, Belarus 5.9%, France 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, UK 4% (2005) | | | Imports | $701.8 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) | | | Imports - commodities | machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods | | | Imports - partners | Italy 15.1%, France 11.8%, US 9.5%, Germany 8.6%, Taiwan 7.3%, India 7%, Ireland 6.1%, Turkey 4.4%, Jordan 4.2% (2005) | | | Debt - external | $311 million (2000 est.) | | | Economic aid - recipient | $77 million (1999) | | | Currency code | ERN | | | Exchange rates | nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.4 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002)
note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar | | | Fiscal year | calendar year | |
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