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| Economy - overview | Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically powerful economy in the world after the US and the third-largest economy in the world after the US and China, measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. One notable characteristic of the economy has been how manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors have worked together in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features have now eroded. Japan's industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 60% of its food on a caloric basis. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the after effects of overinvestment and an asset price bubble during the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. From 2000 to 2001, government efforts to revive economic growth proved short-lived and were hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and Asian economies. In 2002-06, growth improved and the lingering fears of deflation in prices and economic activity lessened. Japan's huge government debt, which totals 176% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems. Some fear that a rise in taxes could endanger the current economic recovery. Debate also continues on the role of and effects of reform in restructuring the economy, particularly with respect to the 2007-17 privatization of Japan Post, which has functioned not only as the national postal delivery system but also, through its banking and insurance facilities, as Japan's largest financial institution. | | | GDP | 0.8% (2006) | | | GDP - real growth rate | 2.2% (2006 est.) | | | GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 1.6%
industry: 25.3%
services: 73.1% (2006 est.) | | | Population below poverty line | NA% | | Household income or consumption
by percentage share | lowest 10%: 4.8%
highest 10%: 21.7% (1993) | | Distribution of family income
- Gini index | 38.1 (2002) | | | Labor force | 66.44 million (2006 est.) | | | Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 4.6%
industry: 27.8%
services: 67.7% (2004) | | | Unemployment rate | 4.1% (2006 est.) | | | Budget | revenues: $1.411 trillion
expenditures: $1.639 trillion; including capital expenditures (public works only) of about $71 billion (2006 est.) | | | Industries | among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods | | | Industrial production growth rate | 3.3% (2006 est.) | | Electricity -
production | 996 billion kWh (2005) | | Electricity -
production by source | fossil fuel: 60%
hydro: 8.4%
nuclear: 29.8%
other: 1.8% (2001) | | Electricity -
consumption | 946.3 billion kWh (2005) | | Electricity -
exports | 0 kWh (2005) | | Electricity -
imports | 0 kWh (2005) | | | Oil - production | 125,000 bbl/day (2006) | | | Oil - consumption | 5.578 million bbl/day (2005) | | | Oil - exports | 93,360 bbl/day (2001) | | | Oil - imports | 5.449 million bbl/day (2001) | | | Oil - proved reserves | 59 million bbl (1 January 2006) | | | Agriculture - products | rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs; fish | | | Exports | $590.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | | | Exports - commodities | transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, electrical machinery, chemicals | | | Exports - partners | US 22.9%, China 13.4%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 7.3%, Hong Kong 6.1% (2005) | | | Imports | $524.1 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | | | Imports - commodities | machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials | | | Imports - partners | China 21%, US 12.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%, UAE 4.9%, Australia 4.7%, South Korea 4.7%, Indonesia 4% (2005) | | | Debt - external | $1.547 trillion (30 June 2006) | | | Currency code | JPY | | | Exchange rates | yen per US dollar - 116.18 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002) | | | Fiscal year | 1 April - 31 March | |
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